Presenting electronics golf: solve this problem to minimise Σ(electronic components, lines of code)!
There's a slight contradiction between your title "without a microcontroller" and the last line "minimise Σ(electronic components, lines of code)".
I guess here, the goal is to do without an MCU, so no lines of code at all. (Or maybe you were thinking about a CPLD/FPGA?)
Any programmable component, such as an MCU or FPGA, may actually hide a lot of "lines of code" via libraries (/respectively ready-made IPs), so generally speaking, "code golf" contests have to be strictly defined, otherwise they don't mean much. You could be using a crapton of external libraries and make your own code only a 1-liner, is that a valid approach? Is the goal about designing something with the least amount of code/components overall, or is it about doing it with the least amount of effort? The two can be almost completely opposite and contradictory.
Anyway here, assuming 1/ you said NO MCU and 2/ you didn't say "only with discrete parts", one of the simplest solutions in terms of both design effort and number of parts would be to use, for instance, an LTC6992. It would only require 1 resistor to set the period, and it has a control input for the duty cycle. Then to do it "right" (design it such that the output pulse width is settable in the standard range for a servo, which is often 1ms to 2ms, with 1.5ms being neutral), you'd need two additional resistors (at each end of the pot), along with the pot. Then pot wiper to the MOD input. Add a decoupling cap for good measure on the power supply. That's 1 IC, 3 resistors, 1 cap, zero code or configuration, and you'll get something relatively stable.