Baring new fancy, electric, or hybrids......
No. The typical automotive alternator is Typically a 3 phase, half wave rectified output and the output power is controlled by having a couple of different level field strengths controlled by either taps, or a large external resistor. Some are called one wire alternators, which are fairly common today, have this switching internal where only a single lead comes out to the positive terminal of the battery and everything else is controlled internally, but the mode of action is the same. When the RPM is low or the battery is nearly fully charged the field strength is low therefore not either loading the motor at idle down too much as to stall it, or not overcharge a battery at high RPM. All alternators use the metal housing as ground.