It pretty much has to be some sort of all-in-one LED driver IC, since there's bugger all else on the board, and it's running directly from what looks like rectified mains input. It should be pretty easy to trace out the circuitry since that's a single sided metal PCB, that might give you some hints. Changing the resistor value likely would change the programmed current, but without a datasheet it's impossible to say what the relationship is.