What's L3/D3 supposed to do? The switcher may not like a high inductance at it's VIN.
Also what's the voltage at the EN pin? Maybe R8 is a bit too large to actually have enough current flow through the 3.3V Zener?
EDITed for more remarks:
You're running it at 1MHz switching frequency, on purpose? 22µH is then maybe a bit high for the main coil, also, as you step down from 24V to 5V, the duty cycle is going to be small and the ripple current is going to be high. The SRP1038A-220M is rated at 5A. How much are you intending to pull from the regulator?
Note that the regulator should still output 5V even if the components are maybe not optimal.