Here's the scanned Atari Asteroids X-Y monitor service manual. Also those 'possibly from Atari' notes on the vector data format:
http://everist.org/archives/scans/Atari_Asteroids/ Asteroids_xy_monitor_service.zip 1.8 MB
Asteroids_vector_notes.zip 2 MB
Asteroids_self_test.zip 376 KB
The manual is for the 14" and 20" models, as used by Leisure & Allied in Australia.
Models LAI-KZ-14XYB and LAI-KZ-20XYB.
Perhaps the same X-Y monitor would have been used in all markets? Since they weren't exactly a common thing.
It's a html doc. In case anyone looking at it doesn't realize, the in-line schematics and board layouts are large thumbnails. Click on them to see the full size pages.