Thank you guys for helping out
I forgot to mention very important info - that power supply is 33V DC for this LED module

And using my cellphone as light source and the microscope

I had barely made out E3 on charred body of the diode. This seems to be falling under switching diodes judging by Google research results.
Can it be reverse polarity protection diode - regular switching diode? Not sure why would it die though.... as this module using has own proprietary power-supply, no way you can put it reverse
Only possibility higher current that diode can handle.