D1 appears to be a TVS diode (Vishay / General Semiconductor).
C10, by comparison, appears to be too small to be a protection device.
I would expect that C6 and C7 provide the bulk of the low frequency filtering, C8 and C9 handle higher frequencies, and C10 handles the very high frequencies. That said, I have only ever encountered "two stage" filtering, not three. :-?