Potting is the name I'd use for completely encapsulating a circuit in a block, often by filling a plastic pot with one of the compounds Whales mentions.
The PCB is very nearly always coated in a thin layer of 'solder resist' which is what stops the solder flooding over every copper surface. You may be wanting to replace this if you've repaired a badly damaged pcb.
However if the layer you're talking about is thick and (usually) clear, coating all the components and preventing corrosion or moisture but not hiding the parts, I think the substance you're looking for is 'conformal coating'. Can be rubbery so it may be very similar to potting compound but perhaps different in consistency.