Yeah, That sounds like a sensible reading for the diode. It should only read one way, and since it does, this is a good indication.
The oscilloscope, we can use to see if the IC is outputting a PWM signal. That will come out of pin 15/16, goes through R9 (which is right in between R1 and C5) So I would maybe try probing carefully on that resistor.
As for the settings, I'm not sure. I can't see the model number of the oscilloscope, so we can get a user manual. We need a setting on the vertical that can take at least 30V, so first we need to confirm that A) it can take that voltage, and B) what settings to use, before we go probing the circuit.
I can see it's a heathkit, see if you can find the Model Number anywhere on it, and we'll see what info we can dig up on the old beast. It's impressive!! :-)