Some of the old DSOs which use vector CRTs are 1024 x 1024 on a 5x4 aspect ratio CRT which is only 5 inches diagonal so they predate the modern "retina" displays by decades. Most are 512x1024 or 256x1024 though.
But what is the spot size of those CRTs? I think real resolution in lines per inch is much less than the positioning resolution.
Since these vector CRTs were originally designed for high bandwidth analog oscilloscopes, they have a smaller than normal spot size by virtue of their high acceleration voltages but you are right, their positioning resolution is greater than their line resolution.
I tested my lowest definition vector CRT which is 512x1024 and the spot size definitely yields better than 500 lines. I have some others (faster CRTs with higher acceleration voltages) which would do better.