Products > Test Equipment
Handheld meter robustness testing
joeqsmith:
The latest spreadsheet is now available on GoogleDocs here:
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1cXzYpIoyVm9QJUju4KXqM22CEQZP3_xwWvDyeVwxTy4/edit?usp=sharing
Answers to Frequently Asked Questions may be found here:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gEPFeOZpsNSm0-7sA98w2P5XE5x77Oal9dQEYvQnF6g/edit?usp=sharing
Because the generator used for these tests changed from the first round to the second, it is difficult to correlate the data. The UNI-T UT90A that was used in the first round had been repaired and tested again in the second round. You will notice that while it survived a 3.2KV 2 ohms pulse in the first round, it fails at 1.5KV 2 ohm during the second round. This is because the pulse width on the new generator was increased by a fair amount to more closely represent the IEC standard.
You will also note that the AM530 did not make it as far into the tests at the AM510 did in the first round. Some of the meters that 5KY provided me with were a much higher grade.
Because the generator used in the first round of testing had to be rebuilt for each test ran, when the Fluke 87V was finally tested we only knew it was not as robust as the winner of the $50 shootout, the Fluke 101. During the second round, enough people had asked me about the 87V that I went ahead and reran one and was amazed that it did so poorly.
I have very few rules when it comes to leaving comments on my YT channel.
1) Don't personally insult anyone. Me or otherwise.
2) Don't use my channel to post ads. I don't run ads and don't ask for donations. I am not making any money by posting this content. For you to try and profit from my efforts is in very poor taste.
3) Don't ask about how to modify a meter or how to construct a transient generator like I show. Also, don't attempt to post lists of materials and don't try to tell others how to modify their meter. If I ignored you, you should be fine. If you are persistent most likely you will get banned. There are many concerns when it comes to working with higher voltages and currents, even at the levels I show in the videos.
I have YT filters setup. If really don't care if your vocabulary is limited but the filters are fairly effective at picking up people who are intent on breaking the first rule. Just be aware they are being used.
If you want to post about my channel to others, please don't post false statements about the tests I am running. Obviously I don't have any control over this. I am just asking that if you don't understand the tests being ran, maybe just point them to the FAQs and call it good.
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Thanks.
Table of Contents
First attempts at designing a waveform generator
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg688021/#msg688021
Selecting the first set of $50 USD meters to run
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg688363/#msg688363
Initial testing of the waveform generator
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg688607/#msg688607
The first set meters have arrived and round I of the testing begins
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg695530/#msg695530
Home made high voltage attenuator
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg696093/#msg696093
Fuses are now banned from testing and the low energy levels are explaine
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg697304/#msg697304
From here on, its always a 2 ohm source....
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg697665/#msg697665
The UNI-T UT139C shows up late from China.
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg698362/#msg698362
Member Meter Junkie shows off their surge generator
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg699353/#msg699353
First set of $50 meters, Semi Finals
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg699631/#msg699631
The UNI-T UT139C joins the remaining four meters and is damaged
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg699833/#msg699833
First set of $50 meters, Finals
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg701147/#msg701147
Member Meter Junkie runs a second Fluke 101 on their IEC combo generator at 12KV
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg703553/#msg703553
I push the Fluke 101 to 13KV 100us FWHH
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg704183/#msg704183
Hackaday runs a story on the testing
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg705738/#msg705738
The first of the higher cost meters, the Fluke 87V
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg708183/#msg708183
Member TechnologyCatalyst(5KY) steps into the game with a Round II of meters
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg746543/#msg746543
Designing a programmable transient generator
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg748162/#msg748162
Testing the new transient generator
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg763288/#msg763288
Testing the second set of meters, Round 1
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg769212/#msg769212
Testing the second set of meters, The Finals
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg777164/#msg777164
Statistics
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg779711/#msg779711
Rebuilding the generator (20KV, 50us FWHH), the Fluke 107 is pushed to its limit
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg780700/#msg780700
UNI-T UT90A plays music
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg782212/#msg782212
Designing the half cycle AC line simulator
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg789734/#msg789734
Initial testing of the Half cycle AC line simulator
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg795033/#msg795033
The Fluke 17B+ Review
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg811544/#msg811544
A second UNI-T UT139C is tested
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg815680/#msg815680
The Fluke 115 Review
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg818828/#msg818828
My old Mastech MS9508 / Cen-tech P37772
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg829927/#msg829927
Discussing input protection circuits
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg832724/#msg832724
The SONY Cyber-shot DSC-RX10M2 high speed Sony camera
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg841421/#msg841421
The UNI-T UT15C VoltStick
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg848706/#msg848706
The Keysight U1231A
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg852693/#msg852693
First look at the current inputs
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg863105/#msg863105
The VICI VC99
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg881819/#msg881819
The HIOKI DT4252
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg890263/#msg890263
The UNI-T UT181A
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg908123/#msg908123
Talking about ESD
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg911717/#msg911717
The UNI-T UT181A Repairs
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg915451/#msg915451
Low cost pocket meters
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg934733/#msg934733
Testing various DMM probes
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg945681/#msg945681
The TPI 194 II
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg967246/#msg967246
Temperature testing Part I
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg985119/#msg985119
Modifying the UNI-T UT61E (added robustness, backlight)
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1023221/#msg1023221
YX-360 analog meter
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1025998/#msg1025998
The Brymen BM235
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1030093/#msg1030093
Pen Meters
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1054346/#msg1054346
Modifying the UNI-T UT61E (Improving temperature drift)
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1074263/#msg1074263
The CEM DT-9939 / Extech EX540
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1110590/#msg1110590
Designing an ESD gun
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1126104/#msg1126104
The Woods DMMW3 pocket meter
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1146838/#msg1146838
The ANENG meters
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1149808/#msg1149808
Testing various DMM high current shunts
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1159237/#msg1159237
Modifying the UNI-T UT61E (20A measurements)
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1168820/#msg1168820
Modifying the UNI-T UT61E (Low Burden Voltage)
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1182031/#msg1182031
SIBA branded UXCELL Multimeter Fuse, Real or Counterfeit
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1196539/#msg1196539
The Gossen Metrawatt Metrahit Ultra M248B
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1207306/#msg1207306
The Gossen goes to the chamber along with some lower cost meters
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1209697/#msg1209697
Dave sends a 121GW prototype
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1231731/#msg1231731
Testing Dave's ASTM fuses
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1236035/#msg1236035
Mr Joules
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1245107/#msg1245107
My first Fluke 189, Finally a Fluke meter that I would actually use
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1258001/#msg1258001
PlastX, restoring lens
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1262271/#msg1262271
Dave runs a crude HV test
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1282305/#msg1282305
The ANENG 8008
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1284726/#msg1284726
Transient Testing Resistors
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1295646/#msg1295646
ANENG, 14KV or Bust
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1299489/#msg1299489
Selector Switch Life Cycle Testing Part I
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1313951/#msg1313951
The ALL-SUN EM135 Automotive Meter
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1337607/#msg1337607
Selector Switch Life Cycle Testing Part II
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1345200/#msg1345200
Harbor Freight's CEN-TECH 95670, the rebranded E0SUN EM129 automotive meter
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1369480/#msg1369480
Upgrades to my temperature chamber made from a meat packing box
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1371562/#msg1371562
The Brymen BM319s Automotive Meter
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1382595/#msg1382595
The Brymen BM869s 50,000 Cycle Switch Life Test
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1386207/#msg1386207
Repeating the Brymen BM869s Transient Test
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1400700/#msg1400700
The Brymen BM839 Professional Meter
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1405549/#msg1405549
The Brymen BM869s, It's 14KV or Bust
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1407796/#msg1407796
Repairing the homemade wideband high voltage probe
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1417243/#msg1417243
The Fluke 87V, hot off the production line, full on testing
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1429536/#msg1429536
The Fluke 87V, Extended High Voltage Testing
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1460870/#msg1460870
The Fluke 87V, Another look at the old 87V and why it failed
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1467255/#msg1467255
The Fluke T6-600, a responce to AvE
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1519018/#msg1519018
Appling 1KV to various meter's, a responce to VoltLog
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1547579/#msg1547579
Member Kean's Damaged 121GW, trying to determine the root cause
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1598113/#msg1598113
Lighting strikes and damages some of my test equipment
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1646627/#msg1646627
The MeterK MK01
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1684985/#msg1684985
Transient Testing a Vintage Fluke 189
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1748807/#msg1748807
The Brymen BM27s / Amprobe PM55A, is it really as bad as member True claims?
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1787117/#msg1787117
Applying 1KVDC to various 4.7M resistors, preparing for a possible future test
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1787645/#msg1787645
Viewer questions and comments
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1822403/#msg1822403
The Brymen BM869s is directly exposed to several Watts of 7MHz CW
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1906376/#msg1906376
The Brymen BM27s / Amprobe PM55A, Round I of testing
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1908218/#msg1908218
Demonstrating using Labview to communicate w/ 121GW and UT181A over BlueTooth
Vaseline? Yes, that's right. Future Darwin Award
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg1929244/#msg1929244
The Owon B41T+ review
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg2053840/#msg2053840
Measuring battery life
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg2081572/#msg2081572
Rebuilding my first digital volt meter, the Fluke 8000A
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg2174864/#msg2174864
The Yokogawa TY720 review
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg2223951/#msg2223951
Vibration Testing
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg2299404/#msg2299404
The Brymen BM27s pocket meter, Round II low battery, cold Winter months and vibration
https://www.eevblog.com/forum/testgear/hear-kitty-kitty-kitty-nope-not-that-kind-of-cat/msg2344941/#msg2344941
N2IXK:
Any muiltimeter with a legitimate Cat III rating can handle Cat II circuits.
The higher the Category rating, the higher energy the meter is safe with. You can always use a Cat III or Cat IV meter on lower rated circuits, but not the other way around....
joeqsmith:
After doing many searches on this site, I see a lot of posts about how meters are rated and tested. There were even a few posts where people attempted to put some high voltage on them. To be clear, my plan is not to do an insulation test. I am interested in surge. My plan is to construct a small generator that I will use to weed out the worst meters. If any meters are working after my basic test, I plan to further test them to the actual standards.
CAT III 600 would require the surge use a 2 ohm source with a 6KV peak (3000 Amps peak). This would ride on top of the AC. Nasty stuff. CAT II uses a 4KV peak with a 12 ohm source (333 Amps peak). The test is the standard 8/20 waveform with a short applied or 1/50 with an open.
A few good articles if you are interested:
http://www.grainger.com/content/safety-digital-multimeter
http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-4578EN.pdf
http://faculty.riohondo.edu/jfrala/fluke_multimeters_-_abcs_of_multimeter_safety_multimeter_safety_and_you_application_note.pdf
joeqsmith:
To start out, I need a generator that can create something close to the CAT II waveform. You saw from my first post my quick generator. This thing could hardly do much of anything.
Over the last few days I built up several circuits, blew up every bench supply I have (an repaired them) and am close now to what I am looking for.
My plan to do a sort of hybrid waveform. I plan to limit the peak to 2KV but stay with the 2 ohm source. I also plan to limit the duration of the pulse (not sub 1.0us like my first throw together setup). I plan to cut it in half. For a CAT III meter this will be no problem what so ever as it is 1/3 the peak and half the duration with the same impedance.
The second generator I cobbled up worked fairly well with a 12 ohm source but I wanted something that could do the above and put out that full 1000 Amps.
The DOE Handbook Electrical Safety is available on-line. I have played with KV low current equipment most of my life from TV and radios to modern test equipment. So I am not concerned about this little project. However, I thought it would be interesting to highlight a few paragraphs from this document.
To create the waveform, I have been using a 500mA wall mount supply. I use this to create a high voltage signal that is rectified and stored into a bank of capacitors.
In Fig. 3-4. Complete electrical hazard classification system showing 5 major groups and 54 classes. You can see capacitors are called out as Classes 3.x. They are broken down by operating voltage.
13.7.3.3 Safety Practices
An analysis of high-voltage circuits should be performed by a qualified person before work
begins unless all exposed energized parts are guarded as required for high-voltage work. The
analysis must include fault conditions where circuit current could rise above the nominal rated
value. Depending on the results of the analysis, any of the following may apply:
1. If the analysis concludes that the current is above 5 mA or stored high-voltage capacitive
energy is above 1 joule for voltages between 100 and 400 V DC, or above 0.25 joule for
voltages equal to or greater than 400 V, then the work is considered to be energized work
and should be performed in accordance with Chapter 2, "General Requirements" and/or
Chapter 3, "Hazard Analysis." See Chapter 3 for details on electrical hazard classification.
2. If the analysis concludes that the current is between 0.5 mA and 5 mA and between 0.25
and 1 joules, then the worker may be exposed to a secondary hazard (e.g., startle reaction)
that must be mitigated.
3. If the analysis concludes that the current is below 0.5 mA and below 0.25 joules, then the
worker exposure is minimal and no special precautions are required, even for high voltage
circuits.
From above, I plan to run the storage caps at 2KV. Well above the 400V limit. Looking at Fig. 3-9. Hazard Classes 3.x, capacitors, > 400 V, we can see that for 1-10 Joules, it is considered Class 3.3d. This is a Red colored box.
10) A red Class (X.3) indicates injury or death could occur by proximity or contact; often
the hazard is shock, contact burn, or arc-flash burn; engineering controls are
necessary for operation (e.g., listing or equipment approval), and administrative
controls are necessary for electrical work in this Class.
It should be obvious what the above means....
joeqsmith:
After making some calculations for the controller and output stages I ran a quick simulation of both. Attached you can see the simulated response with a 1Meg and a 0.1 ohm load attached. Not quite a 1000 Amps in the simulation.
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