How many different kinds of protocols are used in these digital calipers?
Why do you care how many? The more important question is the register map and how to address it. As for reading Mitutoyo, that information is readily available.
I have used Mitutoyo since the time it was the best of the cheap imports. Now, it is held in higher esteem. BUT, Mitutoyo is noted in my mind for telling you how to use its expensive (today) black boxes, but not what goes on inside.
As for the data cables, the cable plugs to Mitutoyo's dial indicators and calipers is a special plug. It's other connectors are quite standard. And yes, the cable connector to its dial indicator is outrageously expensive for what it is. I keep mine in a safe-deposit box at the bank.