The banal truth is that to design a circuit (including selecting the ratings of the components), you need to understand how it works. You need to be able to determine the voltage and current at every point in the circuit. Sometimes you can use a simulation, but even then you need to understand enough to assess whether the simulation result makes sense. If you have a part of the circuit that you don't understand, you can ask on the forum, but if there's a lot of it, even the forum won't help.