Phase shift oscillator. Each section has 60 degrees ( or pretty close) of phase shift and this combined with having enough gain to exceed unity through the loop makes an oscillator. Has poor stability, and is sensitive ( and non linear as well) to both supply voltage, temperature and component aging. Can be difficult to start at times with particular component values, but can be made to work. Do not expect a sine wave out of it unless filtered. Having the capacitors like that makes it very noisy as it amplifies harmonics quite well.