Well, The only parts involved are the PCH, it sends out the S3/S4 sleep signals, it looks like S5 is only connected to a test point.
On page 46 of the schematic, The PM_SLP_S4# signal goes to the 1.5V regulator enable pin, it does this via a link and a capacitor - PR4607, PC4606 (might be worth checking if it shorted) and then as PWR_1D5V_EN to the enable pin of the regulator, PU4601 (TPS51216RUKR-GP).
Page 27 has the other chip in the mix - U2701A, an NPCE795PA0DX-GP-U Which seems to receive the PM_SLP_S4# signal, and interestingly, outputs an S5_ENABLE on pin 14. It seems to operate a FET, lower down on the page, Q2706 which is part of the keyboard switch circuit. A lot of jelly-bean stuff there which might be worth testing.
Upshot is, it could be jelly bean parts failed, The Multi IO KBC on page 27, the PCH on page 19, or it's software related (which could be nothing to do with windows, but something in the BIOS programming. - Actually, you could do worse than try an old BIOS and see if it works.)
Anyway, I wish you luck in finding the fault.