Mass is easy, you get a set of masspieces in a box, and they come with an assize certificate. Then you have them verified by a metrology lab every few years, and handle them with care in between. I have a set of 20kg, 10kg, 5kg, 200g,100g, 50g,20g, 10g, 5g, 2g and 1g masspieces. They are certified down to 4 decimal places. I use them to verify massmeters, from precision analytical balances of 100g full scale to loadcells of 150kg full scale.
Length is also easy by using precision blocks, where they are ground to a certain length and are certified to a certain degree of accuracy, though they are only really accurate at a specific temperature. Generally they come in a set with a precision micrometer as check units to ensure that the micrometer cage is not damaged.