I have zero exposure to this device, but I was able to glean some information from the embedded controller data sheet:
https://www.ni.com/pdf/dspdf/en/ds-273The first thing that comes to mind is the 1GB default memory, which in my opinion should be upgraded to at least 2GB or 4GB for Windows 10, although the 32-bit OS will probably only see 3GB-3.5GB.
Next would be the OS licensing, which if you do an in-place upgrade from 7 Pro to 10 Pro using your typical Windows 10 ISO/disc, it should activate using the Windows 7 license key. Or you can do a clean install if the key is stuck to the chassis somewhere. Although your mileage may vary since MS changes licensing regularly, such as their recent disabling of free upgrades to Windows 11.
Drivers SHOULD be OK since generally speaking Windows driver compatibility is pretty good. You may need to disable driver signing enforcement if the drivers are really old.
Speaking of drivers, I assume the primary reason for having the PXI-8108 is to communicate with the other modules, and according to the block diagram this is done via the PXI connector. While I do see PXI drivers listed for Linux from NI, the only supported OS for the PXI-8108 is Windows XP/Vista/7, so I suspect there could be some blocker there.
For the next steps, I would begin by making a complete backup & clone of the existing drive to another drive to use for testing. And ideally an SSD, since Windows 10 is a lot fatter than Windows 7. For the backup, make a complete bit-for-bit copy of the drive. For cloning, you might be OK with a standard clone (only used portions).
If you have access to your company's Microsoft licenses, I would also suggest trying a clean install of Windows 10 Enterprise LTSC 2019. It doesn't have all the normal Windows 10 bloat and is supported until January 9th, 2029. You could also try LTSC 2021, but they have shifted that to the IOT licensing so you may need to jump through extra hoops to get it, or buy it from a distributor.