How is a 402 different from 403? Or 429? Or 418? /s
One would need to deny serving content as is usual with the 400-range error codes. But it just challenges bad actors to find a different strategy to scrape.. Nevertheless "pay us for access" is perhaps a bit more clear than "403 Forbidden, not going to tell you why".. And 418 is a fairly obvious "we see you" kind of error.
The difficulty is always in detection. Bots aren't honest with user agents or any other behaviour, like TCP/IP fingerprinting, TLS fingerprinting, HTTP headers, javascript environment, etc. They are also getting more cleverer with IPs these days.
Its pretty easy to find which IP is part of which ASN. Some ASNs reside in datacenters, while others are part of residential ISPs. Its relatively safe to block datacenter ASNs, although it may affect some businesses and other users (e.g. VPNs)
However, in residential ASNs, bot traffic is often scattered. It could be a home developer running their DIY python script with curl-cffi or some other self-hosted service.
Or it could be part of a botnet like Bright Data, which pays developers to add their middleware libraries in an application. This library starts a proxy server in the background which will tunnel requests for BrightData customers. So when applications are free, no ads.. then you can pretty much bet this is how they make money from you. LG and Samsung are cracking down on these libraries being installed with many apps on SmartTV's:
https://securityboulevard.com/2026/07/lg-to-ban-residential-proxies-from-smart-tv-apps/Its almost the perfect crime: SmartTVs are almost never unplugged, and these libraries keep running in the background once installed. Moreover its a high quality residential IP that may only be used for some Netflix, Youtube and online shopping, as thats what the average person does. In contrast, a tech savvy person may know they can resell their internet connection for money (even if its against their ISP's TOS). There are also mobile proxy farms and a few other ways people get residential IPs.
BrightData recently introduced a KYC policy instead of just blindly accepting everyone to make use of their network. I presume because their "library install base" is shrinking rapidly.
And then these AI companies are big enough fish to probably have their own way of sourcing network infrastructure for the data hunger/stealing (just like Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc. can afford to run a search engine).