-
Now, returning to your suggestion, how the filter could be done without using a ferrite choke? I hope you get the idea.
By using a lower frequency.
Putting the filter before the transformer will not change how the filtering is done. The only difference is, the transformer doesn't have to pass the high frequency components of the signal, which will dramatically reduce the losses. -
Now, returning to your suggestion, how the filter could be done without using a ferrite choke? I hope you get the idea.
By using a lower frequency.
Putting the filter before the transformer will not change how the filtering is done. The only difference is, the transformer doesn't have to pass the high frequency components of the signal, which will dramatically reduce the losses.
Thank you for your feedback.
Just to be sure I understand to what you are referring as 'transformer's losses', a 500W transformer under test, for example, draws about 1 A DC from the 12V acid battery when in standby (no load). Do you refer to this kind of loss?
As you know, the extra losses in a loaded transformer are in the wirings (copper), not in the core. At high frequencies, the fundamental 15625 Hz and its harmonics, the resistance of wires increases due to the skin effect.
On the one hand, this increase helps the leakage inductance in filtering at the transformer's output that has a capacitor of a relatively small value.
On the other hand, this also increases the dissipation of the copper.
Unfortunately, since we get lately a couple of hours of electricity only in daylight and the same at night, it is not easy for me to do various tests and measurements anytime I like (I am fortunate for ordering a fluke 200MHz digital scope before year 2011 because this the only tool I have now).
And on my sole desk of work, I have to also test and adjust the various assembled boards of what we produce already.
Also, my acid battery (made locally, supposed to be 100 AH) is somehow old (its internal resistance is around 50mR). And the length of the thick wires (10 mm2) from the battery to the desk had to be around 3m (6m all). This relatively long distance is not a problem at low frequencies and loads. But to supply currents pulsed at 16 Khz, they act as thin wires instead (besides adding an inductive reactance).
My real problem is that, lately, I am almost broken while I have to design new products good enough to compete similar ones in the local market. Yes, there are already pure sine wave inverters in the local market that uses iron transformers which are imported from India, China or made locally. But all of them use transformers, having 1 primary coil, instead of two coils in mine. So, I suppose that their efficiency will be comparable to mine since they also use a SPWM high frequency which is filtered solely by the power transformer to also produce a clean sinewave at 50 Hz.
-
There are other losses at higher frequencies, than the skin effect.Now, returning to your suggestion, how the filter could be done without using a ferrite choke? I hope you get the idea.
By using a lower frequency.
Putting the filter before the transformer will not change how the filtering is done. The only difference is, the transformer doesn't have to pass the high frequency components of the signal, which will dramatically reduce the losses.
Thank you for your feedback.
Just to be sure I understand to what you are referring as 'transformer's losses', a 500W transformer under test, for example, draws about 1 A DC from the 12V acid battery when in standby (no load). Do you refer to this kind of loss?
As you know, the extra losses in a loaded transformer are in the wirings (copper), not in the core. At high frequencies, the fundamental 15625 Hz and its harmonics, the resistance of wires increases due to the skin effect.
On the one hand, this increase helps the leakage inductance in filtering at the transformer's output that has a capacitor of a relatively small value.
On the other hand, this also increases the dissipation of the copper.
Unfortunately, since we get lately a couple of hours of electricity only in daylight and the same at night, it is not easy for me to do various tests and measurements anytime I like (I am fortunate for ordering a fluke 200MHz digital scope before year 2011 because this the only tool I have now).
And on my sole desk of work, I have to also test and adjust the various assembled boards of what we produce already.
Also, my acid battery (made locally, supposed to be 100 AH) is somehow old (its internal resistance is around 50mR). And the length of the thick wires (10 mm2) from the battery to the desk had to be around 3m (6m all). This relatively long distance is not a problem at low frequencies and loads. But to supply currents pulsed at 16 Khz, they act as thin wires instead (besides adding an inductive reactance).
My real problem is that, lately, I am almost broken while I have to design new products good enough to compete similar ones in the local market. Yes, there are already pure sine wave inverters in the local market that uses iron transformers which are imported from India, China or made locally. But all of them use transformers, having 1 primary coil, instead of two coils in mine. So, I suppose that their efficiency will be comparable to mine since they also use a SPWM high frequency which is filtered solely by the power transformer to also produce a clean sinewave at 50 Hz.
Losses due to eddy currents and hysteresis also increase, which will also increase the standby power consumption.
I'm not sure if you understood my point about harmonic power. A bi-polar 325V PWM waveform has an RMS voltage of 325V, whilst the demodulated 230V 50Hz waveform only has an RMS voltage of 230V. Putting this excess voltage though the transformer results in additional losses.
Ferrite cores are used at higher frequencies because they have lower hysteresis and eddy losses, but they also aren't as magnetic so it's impractical to use them for large, mains frequency transformers and chokes. -
so far
Lots of talk, nothing on paper ..... -
so far
Lots of talk, nothing on paper .....
Isn't it also the trend in the great speeches around the world? -
This may be of interest to you since they briefly discuss using a low frequency transformer:
https://www.ti.com/lit/an/sprabw0d/sprabw0d.pdf
Some key points from the article:Quote• For a given input voltage, the voltage stress on the transistors is double in case of the push-pull topology than
Half Bridge and Full Bridge configuration.
• The center tapped primary in the case of the push-pull converter limits the operation for a higher VA rating for
the same core size when compared to the Half Bridge and Full Bridge converter.
• To prevent flux walking in the DC-DC stage, the current in both the halves need to be sensed and the duty
cycle needs to be corrected accordingly -
I'm not sure if you understood my point about harmonic power. A bi-polar 325V PWM waveform has an RMS voltage of 325V, whilst the demodulated 230V 50Hz waveform only has an RMS voltage of 230V. Putting this excess voltage though the transformer results in additional losses.
I hope you agree with me that, in standby mode (no load), the core losses predominate. So, if the current, supplied by the 12 V battery in this mode, is 1 A DC, we can deduce that the power, lost by the core, is 12 W.
I am afraid that the core loss doesn't increase when the transformer is loaded. Only the coils losses increase.
So, while in square wave inverters most of the wire section is used by the current (the skin effect works at the waveform edges only, 2 times in a cycle), in the sine wave inverters the effective section is smaller. This leads us to use thicker wires in order to reduce the extra power dissipation due to the skin effect.
I can't give more detail till I will have the chance to make more measurements related to powers.
I just know now that the standby power is not too high (though it can be lowered when necessary) and the output voltage is a sinewave, clean from ripple (after adding a relatively small bi-polar capacitance). For instance, without the small output capacitor, very high pulses could be seen on the scope (this time, I protected my 1000V/10MegaOhm probe with a 100K resistor in series because a few years ago I damaged one during a similar experiment). -
This may be of interest to you since they briefly discuss using a low frequency transformer:
https://www.ti.com/lit/an/sprabw0d/sprabw0d.pdf
Some key points from the article:Quote• For a given input voltage, the voltage stress on the transistors is double in case of the push-pull topology than
Half Bridge and Full Bridge configuration.
• The center tapped primary in the case of the push-pull converter limits the operation for a higher VA rating for
the same core size when compared to the Half Bridge and Full Bridge converter.
• To prevent flux walking in the DC-DC stage, the current in both the halves need to be sensed and the duty
cycle needs to be corrected accordingly
Thank you for providing the key points because I have no more the privilege to access any site related to Texas Instruments (though they were kind to send me many of their data and application books in the 70's).
Let us see each point:
[1]
"For a given input voltage, the voltage stress on the transistors is double in case of the push-pull topology than Half Bridge and Full Bridge configuration."
This is not a problem now because...
The typical 55V DS voltage is good for 12V battery.
The typical 100V DS voltage is good for 24V battery.
[2]
"The center tapped primary in the case of the push-pull converter limits the operation for a higher VA rating for the same core size when compared to the Half Bridge and Full Bridge converter."
This is true. In fact, this is the key price of using the simple low-cost topology of push-pull. A bigger transformer is needed for the same VA.
[3]
"To prevent flux walking in the DC-DC stage, the current in both the halves need to be sensed and the duty cycle needs to be corrected accordingly."
I solved this by writing a well precise code (in assembly, as I used to do for 4 decades). And I had the chance to build two discrete MOSFET drivers (3 BJTs each) which work together in harmony very well (1us dead time) while they are driven by the two MCU pins (two anti-phase PWM).
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@ KerimF
I'm a little lost now, what I'd like to know is if this power transformer design you are considering is one that is readily available, or if you have built a prototype from materials that you have available?
If you are trying to use a ready made power transformer 'in reverse' then you are likely to find that copper losses are greater than if a bespoke unit is designed.
Core losses, as in magnetising current at no load can be largely tuned out, so their impact is largely null, though a starting point of only 12 Watts core loss in a 500W (?) Iron component is quite incredible.
The form and order of the windings are also important so as to provide best coupling. You use the term leakage inductance as if it is a good thing, but in this type of project particularly it will have a negative impact on the regulation not to mention efficiency.
You say that efficiency is of no concern provided that it's not 'too' bad, a sine wave inverter based on iron cored inductors working at 50Hz may not exceed a maximum of 60-70% in reality, possibly somewhat less. The suggestion you made of supplying a load of 1kW will create a great deal of heat...
In the conjunction that you synthesised a 50 Hz sine wave from a much higher frequency it would have to be filtered with suitable low loss core materials, and high frequency techniques, not heavy iron.
What I'm also unable to understand is that an inverter that is ready made can be imported into your country for sale but not the components to make a comparable product. Cost cannot be a consideration as the value of the laminations for a transformer core, and the cost of the extra copper required to create a component of high enough inductance for low frequency working, would be far in excess of the cost of suitable ferrite parts. This is the major reason these topologies have dominated.
Please let us help you by including in your next post the details of the proposed project, it's circuit diagram, and the design of any bespoke components.
Best regards,
Xena.
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I'm a little lost now, what I'd like to know is if this power transformer design you are considering is one that is readily available, or if you have built a prototype from materials that you have available?
Yes, I built a prototype using the same iron laminations which I use for the square wave inverters.If you are trying to use a ready made power transformer 'in reverse' then you are likely to find that copper losses are greater than if a bespoke unit is designed.
I design everything in a new product (hardware and software) which is made for sale or for my personal need. But I also avoid re-inventing the wheels, mainly if the needed device is cost-effective, like the ready-made SMPS units (but, if necessary, I extend their voltage rating up to 400Vrms by adding an external circuit).Core losses, as in magnetising current at no load can be largely tuned out, so their impact is largely null, though a starting point of only 12 Watts core loss in a 500W (?) Iron component is quite incredible.
Me too, I wasn't expecting this. But this is what I got.
The form and order of the windings are also important so as to provide best coupling. You use the term leakage inductance as if it is a good thing, but in this type of project particularly it will have a negative impact on the regulation not to mention efficiency.
Today, I tested a well-coupled transformer made for 1000W/12V square wave inverter. Even its tiny leakage inductance was enough to filter the 16Khz PWM with 1uF at the transformer output.
Let us calculate approximately the minimum value of such inductance (Lmin) to do the job.
In an LC low pass filter, if w*L > 20/(w*C), the attenuation (Vout/Vin) is less than 0.13%.
Lmin > 20/(w^2*C)
where
w = 2*pi*F = 2*pi*15625 ~= 98175 rad/s
w^2 ~= 9,638 rad/us
Therefore
Lmin > 20/(w^2*C)
Lmin > 20/(9,638*1uF)
Lmin > 2mH
The leakage inductance seen at the secondary (L_lk, at the high voltage side) could be approximated (assuming Ls_lk ~= Lp_lk*N^2):
L_lk = 2 * Ls*(1-K^2)
Ls = Ls_lk/(1-K^2)/2
where
K is the coupling coefficient
Ls is the secondary inductance measured while the primary is open,
If K=0.9999 we get:
Ls = 0.002/(1-0.9999^2)/2 ~= 5 H
The value 5H is comparable to actual transformer's inductance, seen at its high voltage side.
You say that efficiency is of no concern provided that it's not 'too' bad, a sine wave inverter based on iron cored inductors working at 50Hz may not exceed a maximum of 60-70% in reality, possibly somewhat less. The suggestion you made of supplying a load of 1kW will create a great deal of heat...
You may be right.
But, on the one hand, this depends on how much copper will be used.
On the second hand, producing 1000 W or 2000 W inverters doesn't mean that the user will discharge his battery by a permanent 1000W or 2000W load. Actually, the user's average load will be around 350W/700W in this case. The 1000 W or the 2000 W inverter is made to supply the inrush current of certain appliances (like a refrigerator and a water pump).In the conjunction that you synthesised a 50 Hz sine wave from a much higher frequency it would have to be filtered with suitable low loss core materials, and high frequency techniques, not heavy iron.
If it happens that the same transformer does the two required tasks, increasing the voltage and filtering the 50Hz carrier, why do we need looking for something else?What I'm also unable to understand is that an inverter that is ready made can be imported into your country for sale but not the components to make a comparable product. Cost cannot be a consideration as the value of the laminations for a transformer core, and the cost of the extra copper required to create a component of high enough inductance for low frequency working, would be far in excess of the cost of suitable ferrite parts. This is the major reason these topologies have dominated.
You are right to be confused from where you live.
After year 2011, the local high class only are allowed legitimately to import products from abroad (and behind the scenes, those who are related to, you know, also don't have to pay the taxes which are imposed on the ordinary citizens in case they are allowed to trade).
On the other side, the prices of the imported raw materials (from the small electronic elements to copper and iron) became relatively very high lately due to political sanctions which have been increased exponentially since year 1980.
In brief, after the world saved the people among whom I was born and live, there is no more a local medium class, only high and low classes only (after all, this is the case of all peoples saved by the world since year 2011).Please let us help you by including in your next post the details of the proposed project, it's circuit diagram, and the design of any bespoke components.
Now, most of my work on this project is on draft papers (I mean not finalized). When I will draw its complete circuit/schematic on Kicad (a very old version, since I have also no privilege to download the newer releases) I will upload its Kicad files and its image for those who can't open them.
Kerim
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ahhhhhhhhhhh still talk talk talk, nothing more pfffff ill leave this thread
After 2 pages of threads, nothing good will be added, it's time to leave
nothing practical, purely theorical etc ... like XenaE wrote -
ahhhhhhhhhhh still talk talk talk, nothing more pfffff ill leave this thread
After 2 pages of threads, nothing good will be added, it's time to leave
nothing practical, purely theorical etc ... like XenaE wrote
Sorry that you didn’t find around here the answers to the questions in your mind.
On my side, I asked, and I had the chance to hear many interesting answers and hints.
After all, not in vain, it was said 'Ask, and it shall be given you'.
But, in real life, 'asking' is much harder for most people to do than 'giving'. I even met and knew some people who find very hard for them to ask and to give as well. But there are also some others who don’t mind asking whenever in real need and are pleased to answer/give whenever they are asked and they have the means to do it.
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It's true core losses don't increase when loaded. As you've said, the copper losses will be higher and much higher, given the high frequency content. It's still a silly idea to pass the high frequency content though the transformer. You need to use a much lower frequency. Note how motor inverters use much lower frequencies than this.I'm not sure if you understood my point about harmonic power. A bi-polar 325V PWM waveform has an RMS voltage of 325V, whilst the demodulated 230V 50Hz waveform only has an RMS voltage of 230V. Putting this excess voltage though the transformer results in additional losses.
I hope you agree with me that, in standby mode (no load), the core losses predominate. So, if the current, supplied by the 12 V battery in this mode, is 1 A DC, we can deduce that the power, lost by the core, is 12 W.
I am afraid that the core loss doesn't increase when the transformer is loaded. Only the coils losses increase.
So, while in square wave inverters most of the wire section is used by the current (the skin effect works at the waveform edges only, 2 times in a cycle), in the sine wave inverters the effective section is smaller. This leads us to use thicker wires in order to reduce the extra power dissipation due to the skin effect.
I can't give more detail till I will have the chance to make more measurements related to powers.
I just know now that the standby power is not too high (though it can be lowered when necessary) and the output voltage is a sinewave, clean from ripple (after adding a relatively small bi-polar capacitance). For instance, without the small output capacitor, very high pulses could be seen on the scope (this time, I protected my 1000V/10MegaOhm probe with a 100K resistor in series because a few years ago I damaged one during a similar experiment).
I don't see the problem with getting hold of ferrite cores. You must be able to get hold of some old computer power supplies. I wouldn't worry about reusing ferrite cores, just don't do the same with capacitors. -
It's true core losses don't increase when loaded. As you've said, the copper losses will be higher and much higher, given the high frequency content. It's still a silly idea to pass the high frequency content though the transformer. You need to use a much lower frequency. Note how motor inverters use much lower frequencies than this.
I guess you agree with me that this extra heat will exist no matter if the transformer is driven by an H-bridge or push-pull.
So, I wonder how this type of inverters (using H-bridge) were sold locally since many years without hearing any complain about it (from users in the least).
But I still need to do my own studies and tests to have numerical results of the various dissipated powers (even approximately, since I don't have advanced tools and I have one hour daily to work on this, due to lack of electricity). And since all powers, useful and losses, are proportional to the transformer power, my next tests will be on a transformer of 100W only. I will let you know what I will get; for example, the plot of efficiency versus output power.I don't see the problem with getting hold of ferrite cores. You must be able to get hold of some old computer power supplies. I wouldn't worry about reusing ferrite cores, just don't do the same with capacitors.
Yes, I have a few ones. But their number is good for hobby projects, not for production.
Lately, I had the idea to try asking a local retailer (there were tens of retailers before year 2011, now there are just a few ones only) if it is possible for him to order for me a certain quantity of cores/bobbins with a reasonable price. Perhaps this will work.
Meanwhile it is better that I keep working on the project I started with.
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So far. we (or I in the least) know from experiment that when the iron transformer is open (no load) a small capacitor (as 1uF) at its output shorts the PWM high frequencies (16Khz) while leaving the average of its pulses (50Hz).
In other words, we have here a low pass filter. The problem is that we can think of 3 forms of LPF. They are RC, LC and RLC filters. We have:
L_lk = the total leakage inductance seen at the secondary side.
R_wire = the total effective resistance seen at the secondary side.
Although R_wire is usually small at 50Hz (R_lo), it could become high at 16 Khz (R_hi) at which the effective depth of the wire is around 0.5mm (for copper).
The impedance of 1 uF at 16 Khz is:
Zc = 1/wC ~= 10 Ohms
And we found earlier that we need only 2mH (Z_lk = 20*Zc = 2000 Ohms) as a leakage inductance to get a clean since wave with 1uF.
The question is now:
Is the value of R_hi comparable to reactance Z_lk? Or it is much lower or higher than Z_lk?
In case L_lk is the dominant element in this LPF, it is better to use many thin wires of copper (D=0.5 mm for example) in parallel for the coil's windings. This will decrease both the voltage drop and the coils dissipation when the transformer is loaded. But there is here a trade-off because by using enameled thin wires instead of thicker ones the effective area of the core window will also decrease.
To be continued... if you don't mind.
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I am somehow surprised that most members here didn't hear yet how pure sine wave inverters can also use a laminated iron power transformer.
Here is just one example of such an inverter. The smallest one has a 2000W rating with typical efficiency of 90% and idle power (which is mostly core loss) of 20W and typical 2% distortion.
https://outbackpower.com/downloads/documents/inverter_chargers/m_series/m_series_mobile_marine_specsheet.pdf -
I am somehow surprised that most members here didn't hear yet how pure sine wave inverters can also use a laminated iron power transformer.
Here is just one example of such an inverter. The smallest one has a 2000W rating with typical efficiency of 90% and idle power (which is mostly core loss) of 20W and typical 2% distortion.
https://outbackpower.com/downloads/documents/inverter_chargers/m_series/m_series_mobile_marine_specsheet.pdf
Thank you for posting the link.
However, could you highlight where on those two pages the manufacturer states that a laminated iron cored transformer is used for the output device, and that it is fed from an HF PWM source to emulate a sinewave?
Regards,
Xena. -
So far. we (or I in the least) know from experiment that when the iron transformer is open (no load) a small capacitor (as 1uF) at its output shorts the PWM high frequencies (16Khz) while leaving the average of its pulses (50Hz).
Warpspeed, oz inverter, and a couple others have built very low idle loss, 5 to 15kva inverters. You should read their papers.
You need an inductor between the h bridge and the transformer to reduce the capacitance of the transformer to reduce the hf switching losses.
The leakage inductance of the transformer in series with the inductor also have two different resonant frequencies with the parasitic capacitance of the transformer and the output capacitor. This can cause some unexpected problems if you just throw parts together and see what they do. -
Comment without seeing Kerim's original circuit:
The 50 Hz transformer will be acting at 16 kHz like the inductor in a boost converter, and the antiparallel diodes in the Mosfets could be conducting during part of the 50 Hz cycle the cycle.
There will be 100's of volt of 16kHz on the primary, and as Kerim said, acceptably low ripple out with a small capacitor.
The flux density swing due to the 16 kHz will be ~ 50/16000 of the 50 Hz swing ( If 50 Hz is 1.2T, 16 kHz would be 3.75 milliTesla for the same RMS Voltage) , so core losses will be dominantly from the 50Hz, as measured values indicate.
The 16kHz component of AC in the transformer primary windings could be measured with a Rogowski, possibly causing neglible heating by skin effect. -
Comment without seeing Kerim's original circuit:
The 50 Hz transformer will be acting at 16 kHz like the inductor in a boost converter, and the antiparallel diodes in the Mosfets could be conducting during part of the 50 Hz cycle the cycle.
There will be 100's of volt of 16kHz on the primary, and as Kerim said, acceptably low ripple out with a small capacitor.
The flux density swing due to the 16 kHz will be ~ 50/16000 of the 50 Hz swing ( If 50 Hz is 1.2T, 16 kHz would be 3.75 milliTesla for the same RMS Voltage) , so core losses will be dominantly from the 50Hz, as measured values indicate.
The 16kHz component of AC in the transformer primary windings could be measured with a Rogowski, possibly causing neglible heating by skin effect.
Mhmm, there's a historical lesson for young players in here!
Back in the day, we used vacuum tubes for everything, including amplifying audio. For various reasons, speakers have always been in the low-impedance range (8 or 16 back then, 4 and 2 nowadays, the latter mainly for automotive for obvious(?) reasons), while vacuum tube power amplifiers have load impedances of some kohms: this necessitates a matching transformer.
A typical tube amp, you can run at full rated power, day in day out, at any frequency in the passband, without anything overheating. That is, equal voltage at 20Hz or 20kHz will be applied to the output transformer. Losses generally decrease with frequency, because Bpk decreases faster than f^alpha rises, though it does depend on the exact Steinmetz parameters the core material possesses.
Well, "typical" might be pushing it, amps of course spanned the gamut of quality and specsmanship (or lack thereof) as much as anything ever has; but suppose a platonic ideal of something rated for the usual range and all that, and at least cromulently designed, okay?
We can model core loss with the modified Steinmetz formula: \$p = B^\alpha F^\beta\$, with typically \$\alpha\$ around 2 and \$\beta\$ around 1. An "ideal" lossy material (as in having eddy currents) has exactly these parameters, corresponding to a constant resistance "shorted turn".
Real materials don't have constant eddy currents, but skin effect instead, the impedance of which generally increases as \$\sqrt{F}\$ -- a diffusion process. This might put \$\beta\$ near 0.5 or 1.5, or something inbetween when considering a wide curve-fitting range. Real materials are also nonlinear, hence the \$\alpha\$ differing.
In any case, the lesson is, because B decreases so fast with F (at constant V), and the exponents tend to be what they are, losses tend not to go up with frequency, and indeed can go down.
Putting it another way: we might run such an inductor at high frequency, but we need basically the whole thing we would need at a lower frequency, to meet similar core loss requirements. And such a big core necessitates just as much wire, so we have no win by running at high frequency. We prefer a lower Fsw simply because it has lower switching loss (and those losses can be fairly high such as due to leakage inductance, also inevitable from the copper requirement), since we can't take much size out of the magnetics -- or we at least need different materials (thinner than mains-frequency iron, or other alloys) to do so.
Another point of historical reference: it was some DEC minicomputers, desktop PDPs I believe, had a rudimentary switching power supply -- the design was quite basic in terms of switching behavior, but it saved just enough efficiency to be worthwhile compared to a pure linear design -- which used a laminated-iron choke for bucking. I don't remember the particular ratings or values though. Probably something like 5V 10A, and Idunno, a couple mH? Might also be using finer laminations to help reduce size. Probably a lot of other products too, but this vintage computing reference happens to come to mind.
I'm assuming materials other than mains-frequency electrical steel are strictly unavailable, so there's not much to gain by raising Fsw. In this application, it mainly pushes carrier + sidebands well enough above signal frequency that it's easily filtered (as said, with leakage and a capacitor, and hopefully/preferably an R+C to dampen that in turn).
I am a bit curious (if not to the point of incredulity as others apparently have been) what really is available, or with what difficulty. If trade with India is available, but India makes (or imports themselves) ferrites, is that not a thing? Perhaps there are restrictions on materials, even as seemingly basic as ferrite, or equipment containing it. I guess it would be interesting to make some from materials; all that's needed is Zn, Mn and Fe oxides of sufficient purity, a press, and an electric kiln. (Preferably they would be, well, the whole process: sintered, ball milled, pressed in molds with binder, and not to mention ground, tested, and process optimized to mimic common materials like N97 and etc. Perhaps processes this elaborate aren't feasible in the country for various reasons.)
Whatever the case, most such issues are largely out of ones' control, and the engineer must make do with whatever is available. I might not know the particulars, but it's a very unstable region, generally, an unfortunate state of things for many (often not good) reasons, particularly by several large actors.
Tim -
Every pure sinewave inverter, I knew or heard of (12Vdc or 24Vdc to 220Vac), that uses laminated iron transformer (input: 1 coil, output: 1 coil) drives its transformer with a 4-MOSFET bridge.
Lately, I am designing a pure sinewave inverter but by using 2-MOSFET push-pull driver (lower side only) with a half-wave transformer (input: 2 coils, output: 1 coi).
I used to believe that simplifying a board likely creates some disadvantages.
So, I hope some experienced engineers here could help me know in advance certain expected disadvantages in using the push-pull configuration, in this case, instead of a bridge.
Thank you.
Kerim
from your wording, i read that you are planning to do a center-tapped push-pull design with some kind (PWM?, trapezoid?, modified squarewave?,...?) modulation. to the best of my knowledge, such center-tapped designs are used (in comparison to full bridge designs) to save cost on "expensive" power transistors and associated drive circuitry.
Although these designs can fare pretty well in DC/DC converters, they do not live up to expectations in sinewave inverters with transformers that are designed for mains frequencies. some real-life reasons why i prefer a full-bridge design:
1) sinewave inverters must be able to handle apparent power.
2) the energy from braking a motor that "overturns" the inverter's output frequency can be fed back into the battery.
3) output-side over-voltage events get clamped by the full-bridge's internal diodes and the battery.
4) full bridge designs are pretty forgiving in overload conditions such as starting vacuums or compressors, switching on cold incandescent bulbs, and, seriously, most important of all, blowing mains fuses without going down. that is not to say that center-tapped designs can't do that, but they would require some serious effort in terms of overvoltage protection of the power transistors, while a full bridge can directly use the battery as "clamping device".
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Hi T3,
Yes, Steinmetz gave a useful function still used today with some minor improvements to the exponent term.
Years ago I was using QuickField (and still occasionally do in the hobby), and I suggested to the developers that Steinmetz should be added to the nonlinear magnetic data property entry.
That was because I had to include Steinmetz contribution loss via the API which was cumbersome amd slowed the solver.
That has been done and now there is a separate pane in the QF AC Magnetic Solver for Steinmetz, Eddy, plus a Trim loss.
In 1980's I assisted Indian engineers with high frequency transformer and inductor designs using local materials.
At that time India was producing high freq (thin) GOSS, and local ferrites were available. I just looked and amorphous steels are now being locally produced.
And amorphous will take over from GOSS.
I agree with Le_Bassiste that push pull is largely obsolete. I think it would have applications today in low power electronics up to 30 kW or so.
The disadvantage of Vds doubling is partly overcome by Silicon carbide with Vds up around 2000V while seemingly holding the high frequency attributes.
For example I am using Genesic SiC mosfets rated 1700V, at 14 MHz 200 V in a linear power amplifier.
The push pull inverter can handle varying power factor if suitable antiparallel diodes are used. The following circuit is of a push pull 30 kHz phase controlled inverter model which I built and tested using SiC bjt and fred diodes. The diodes conduct as needed, with varying load Cos_phi, recharging back to the DC capacitor. Note the high voltage snubber (top left) which returns some energy to the DC capacitor too.
I use this style snubber in Solar/Batt DC converters here, and it helps to keep the push pull topology viable.
https://app.box.com/s/3k975qy99yox2xqtk58evxu5nb0mw85l
https://app.box.com/s/5255lm6fu95y72xrhevcm8fl1b6j7375
I would be interested to spin off this qucs model to Kerim's idea, but that is sizeable job and I am too busy with ham radio now.
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The leakage inductance of the transformer in series with the inductor also have two different resonant frequencies with the parasitic capacitance of the transformer and the output capacitor. This can cause some unexpected problems if you just throw parts together and see what they do.
Fortunately, when I threw parts (hardware and software) together, I saw a pure sinewave (220V, 50Hz) on my scope's screen.
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I've not seen any which use a large laminated iron transformer. The ones I've seen use an isolated DC:DC converter to a get DC of the peak voltage of the mains, followed by a MOSFET H-bridge and filter.
Back in the 1980s, push-pull driven steel laminated inverter transformers were actually common. But technology has superseded them. However, the TS lives in a country where this technology is not available. Or prohibitively expensive. -
I've not seen any which use a large laminated iron transformer. The ones I've seen use an isolated DC:DC converter to a get DC of the peak voltage of the mains, followed by a MOSFET H-bridge and filter.
Back in the 1980s, push-pull driven steel laminated inverter transformers were actually common. But technology has superseded them. However, the TS lives in a country where this technology is not available. Or prohibitively expensive.
Curious minds want to know how it is possible to drive a iron cored line frequency transformer with a PWM 15,625Hz square wave directly into the windings, and it does it with high efficiency and producing an averaged pure sine wave at nominal line frequency over its full range of loads, as an output.
Perhaps not having read the original assertions, all those who say this is a thing have given caveats on the original.
We've not yet seen the honorable members ingenious circuits schematic yet, or detailed specifications of the transformer.
Regards.